The Malleable Yet Undying Nature of the Yellow Peril Essay

The Malleable Yet Undying Nature of the Yellow Peril Racial stereotypes dont die; they dont even fade away. Though Asian Americans today have achieved model minority status in the eyes of the white majority in America by pulling ourselves up by our bootstraps through our supposedly quiet, dignified demeanor and gritty, overachieving work ethic, the terms of the racial discrimination we face remain the same today as they have since the first Asians began settling en masse in the United States more than a century and a half ago. At the root of this discrimination is the idea of a Yellow Peril, which, in the words of John Dower is the core imagery of apes, lesser men, primitives, children, madmen, and beings who possessed†¦show more content†¦According to John Dower, the vision of the menace from the East was always more racial rather than national. It derived not from concern with any one country or people in particular, but from a vague and ominous sense of the vast, faceless, nameless yellow horde: the rising tide, indeed, of color. This feeling of impending doom from the East led to the 1917 Immigration Restriction Act and the National Origins Act of 1924-two acts that prevented nearly all Asian immigrants from legally entering the United States and prohibited immigrants already in the United States from attaining citizenship. The height of a fear of the Yellow Peril happened immediately after Japans attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941, leading the United States to enter into the Pacific War. Popular imagery of the time, particularly through political cartoons (some done even by our beloved Dr. Seuss) debased the Japanese as subhuman apes and gorillas, treacherous in nature and though morally corrupt and mentally and physically lesser to the Americans, possessing in superhuman endurance,

Self Reflection. Focus Of These Mood Changes Also Points

Self Reflection. Focus of these mood changes also points towards the new mother herself. She begins to become worried and concerned about being a good mother, now having less time for herself and changes of her body not only from pregnancy but from delivery as well. It is common for a mother or anyone for that matter to question their own ability to perform. Unfortunately, in this case, the new mother begins to aggressively obsess with her ability to take care of her new infant correctly. She may have feelings of inadequacy during this process. She becomes worried with things such as not providing well enough or even being good enough for her newborn. Also, a lot of times the new mother is either unable or simply doesn’t take time†¦show more content†¦During diagnosis and recognition of PPD, it is essential for the nurse to demonstrate an open and caring demeanor. The new mother and family should feel comfortable enough to express everything that she may be fee ling and going through during this time and in turn the nurse should always be an active alert listener (Lowdermilk, 2016). Since these new mothers are not forth coming with information, the nurse can ask some direct question such as, â€Å"How are things going for you now that the baby has arrived?† The nurse may also ask, â€Å"Do you feel like your life changed drastically lately? Do you spend a lot of time crying and if so, How much time?† It is important that the mother knows she is not the only one that goes through these changes and that she is not alone, this will can be accomplished by saying, â€Å"Many women feel depressed after having a baby, and some feel so badly that they thing about hurting themselves or the baby. Have you had these thoughts (Lowdermilk, 2016)?† Nurses should note that if there is a thought that the mother may cause harm to the new baby, special caution is needed. Knowledge is Key in Understanding Timing is key! It is outstanding to know that PPD is definitely treatable especially when caught early. Two well known assessments can be used when evaluating a client with potential for PPD; these two test are the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Postpartum Depression Screening ScaleShow MoreRelatedAn Effective Substance Abuse Counselor1268 Words   |  6 PagesTo become an effective substance abuse counselor, there are six key points which include: knowing the principles of MI, being able to help strengthen a client’s coping skills, being able to utilize OARS, understanding Thomas Gordon’s Twelve Roadblocks, being knowledgeable about drugs, and having knowledge of assessing and Individualizing Evidence Based Treatment Plans. 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Rainy Days Free Essays

Rainy Days Essay By Taylor Chance 11/20/13 Rainy days are wonderful to me. Sometimes they can be a hassle but I still love them. The only time I usually have rainy days is when it is July though. We will write a custom essay sample on Rainy Days or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rainy days are awesome to me sense I can do a lot of things in my own house. The reasons why I like rainy days mainly is because I can sing, listen to music, relax, and eat comforting food. First of all, the reason I like rainy days is because I love to sing. During my rainy days sense the air is usually moist and the temperature is usually cold, it is my favorite time to practice. The climate actually helps my voice by making it very moist instead of dry. If I sing with a dry throat, it will damage my vocal chords and it would also damage my tonsils since I would be straining my voice. So I like to play it on the safe side and practice the most on rainy days. Nonetheless, I love to listen to music on rainy days. I mostly listen to sad or calm music because it relaxes me and brings out my emotions. It gets even better when I look out the window and I see the gloomy, wispy, and foggy roads and the grasshoppers, birds, and squirrels take cover under big, green trees or leaves with dew from the rain on them as I see the whitish, greyish rain splatter all over the place. My favorite song that I like to listen to most is called â€Å"How to Avoid the Sun† by Bi Rain; it is one of the most beautiful songs I’ve heard or at least one of the nicest songs I’ve listened to. Music also makes me realize new things and wonder about the world especially when it is raining. Another reason is that I love to relax during rainy days. Hearing the pitter patter of the raindrops going on the ground while there is loud thunder as little cool, white or yellow strikes in the sky that looks like a crack in the dark, grey clouds called lightening flash all over the place. I could just flop down on my bed and cuddle under my warm, soft blankets to be nice, cozy, and comfy. Another thing I like to do is take a nap to the sounds of the rain or daydream. It makes me feel like it is winter or something because the cold temperature also relaxes me. Finally, the last reason I love rainy days is because I can eat as much fattening food as I want. Ice cream, hot chocolate, tea, you name it and I will eat it. Eating is one of my favorite things to do even though I do not eat a lot. These are my comfort foods during rainy days to also help me relax. The taste of the creamy, doughy ice cream tickles my taste buds and gives me a brain freeze sense I eat too fast because cookie dough ice cream is my favorite; the hot chocolate is sweet, warm, and it’s warmth makes me feel nice and cozy; and my tea is one of my favorites even though it is healthy. I usually drink tea warm and unsweetened because I try to stay skinny at the same time and my favorite tea is either Darjeeling or Tao: lemon grass and green tea but, these are the reasons why I love rainy days. How to cite Rainy Days, Papers

Lams understands people who love pets free essay sample

What are some of the psychological influences that are most important to Iams in understanding their buyers? Answer: There are four psychological influences that are most important to Iams in understanding their buyers. First psychological influence is motivations. The motivation is the drive that leads the buyers towards buying a product or service. When buyers’ motivation is high enough, which means that their need is high, thus, they will actively seek to satisfy that need. This will result in the consumer deciding to buy the product. Iams need to successfully leverage the consumer’s needs which will in turn motivate consumers to buy their pet products. Example, Iams understand that many pet owners treat their pets as family members and want to provide their pets with high quality products. Thus, in order to motivate consumers to buy their products, Iams has focused primarily on pet nutrition to make sure that their product is healthy and high quality product. We will write a custom essay sample on Lams understands people who love pets or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Second psychological influence is perceptions. Perceptions are a process by which people select, organize and interpret information to form a meaningful picture of the world. Consumers make all manner of associations from their prior knowledge and experiences. So, Iams understand the important of this psychological factor towards its business. Thus, they always produce premium products to customers to avoid negative consumer perceptions. Therefore, the customer perception toward Iams is that every product comes from them must be is high quality. Third psychological influence that is most important to Iams in understanding their buyers is learning factor. Learning describes changes in an individual’s behavior arising from experience. These experiences will influence the consumer buying behavior by changing the way they react to products similar to those they already have experience with. Thus, Iams have focus on the consumer experience in order to gain repeat business because the consumer does not feel the need to look anywhere else to fulfill that particular need. Last psychological influence is attitudes factor. Attitudes greatly influence consumer buying behavior. An attitude is the individuals consistently favorable or unfavorable evaluation, tendency or feeling about a particular subject. Iams have come out with Savoury Sauce formulas for dogs which are just like the human barbecue sauces or marinades and is fortified with vitamin and minerals. These premium products can reflect the changes in some consumers’ attitudes toward their pets and their pets’ food. Question 2 Which segments have P G targeted with its Iams range? Answer: The first segment that P G targeted with its Iams range is the owner of pets that treat their pets as family members. This particular types of customers required healthy and high quality product for their pets. They want their pets to entitle to the same quality and nutrition as other family members. Thus, they usually are developing a higher level of involvement when shopping for pet food. In order to target this segment, P G and its Iams pet food operation market premium pet products mirroring products purchased and used by humans. They come out with healthy NaturalsTM line that includes ingredients such as Atlantic salmon and contain no artificial colours, flavours or preservatives. Besides, other segment that P G targeted with its Iams range is the owner of pets that demand nutrition customized to meet their pet’s particular needs. Example, certain customers were concerned about feeding cats in multi-cat households in which one cat might be overweight while another was not. Thus, the company has created a Multi-Cat formula with ingredients aimed at reducing fat in heavy cats while still providing protein for lean cats. Question 3 Outline the positioning strategy being pursued by Iams. Answer: The positioning strategy being pursued by Iams is positioning on quality of product and services. Iams knows that many pet owners treat their pets as family members and want to provide their pets with high quality products. Therefore, Iams is produces premium pets products for the pet owners. For example, Iams provide ProActive Health formulas that include PreBiotics, good bacteria that promote healthy digestion. Iams also has a Healthy Naturals line that includes ingredients such as Atlantic Salmon and contains no artificial, flavors or perseverative. Besides, the company has Savoury Sauce formulas for dogs are bottled just like human barbecue sauces or marinades which is rich in vitamins, minerals and antioxidants, are low in calories and fat. All of these products that Iams provided are because they know some of the consumers believe that as an additional member of the family, pets are entitled to the same quality and nutrition as other family members. Thus, they target their positioning strategy on quality of products. Moreover, they also positioning on quality of services. Iams realize the importance of consumers’ relationships with their pets, so Iams is expanding its business into the veterinary industry. They work with insurers to provide pet health insurance. Iams also has Pet Imaging Centres which is allowing doctors to investigate health problems in pets without resorting to exploratory surgery.

Piper Alpha Case Studies Essay Example

Piper Alpha Case Studies Paper Abstract This research report is about the Piper Alpha Disaster that happened in 1988. Being one of the major oil production oil-rig in the UK, the accident that took place more than 20 years ago caught the attention of many, especially those in the field. The happening was largely due to the complacency of the supervisors as well as the safety measures of the management. Using the internet, academic journals and textbooks available, the research was conducted by referring to various sources of information regarding the incident. After the explosion there are many new prevention steps taken in this field of industry as well as new managing system of the offshore regulatory control. 1. Introduction 1. 1 Background The Piper Alpha was a North Sea oil production platform operated by Occidental Petroleum (Caledonia) Ltd. It accounted for around ten per cent of the oil and gas production from North Sea at the time. Located about 120 miles north-east of Aberdeen, The platform began production in 1976 first as an oil platform and then later converted to gas production (Drysdale Slyvester-Evans, 1998). For safety reasons, the modules were organized such that the most dangerous operations were distant from personnel areas such as the accommodation deck, but still this still one of the worst offshore oil disaster to date. 1. 2 The Happening The disaster began with a routine maintenance procedure. On the morning of the 6th of July 1988, a certain backup propane condensate pump in the processing area needed to have its pressure safety valve checked (Drysdale Slyvester-Evans, 1998). We will write a custom essay sample on Piper Alpha Case Studies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Piper Alpha Case Studies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Piper Alpha Case Studies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The work could not be completed by 1800 and the workers asked for and received permission to leave the rest of the work until the next day. Later in the evening during the next work shift, the primary condensate pump failed. None of those present were aware that a vital part of the machine had been removed and decided to start the backup pump. Gas products escaped from the hole left by the valve. Gas audibly leaked out at high pressure, ignited and exploded, blowing through the firewalls. The fire spread through the damaged firewalls, destroyed some oil lines and soon large quantities of stored oil were burning out of control. About twenty minutes after the initial explosion, at 2220, the fire had spread and become hot enough to weaken and then burst the gas risers from the other platforms. Many jump out of windows into the sea hoping to be picked up by safe boats but only 67 were saved in this fashion. 167 out of 229 people on board were killed, mostly died suffocated on carbon monoxide and fumes in the accommodation area. The generation and utilities module, which included the fireproofed accommodation block, slipped into the sea. The largest part of the platform followed it. The whole accident took place in 22 minutes. 1. 3 Purpose of the Report The purpose of this research is to examine the objectives and structure of the management of the Piper Alpha platform in the North Sea, UK. The operation and industrial processes of the platform will be carefully evaluated and to spot the risk or any areas overlooked that contributed to the accident. To identify the consequences of the accident (e. g. amage and costs) and the improvements in the management systems to prevent such disaster from happening again. 2. Management and Operation 2. 1 Piper Field Oil Platform The Piper Alpha oil production platform was a North Sea oil production platform in the United Kingdom operated by Occidental Petroleum Ltd. It began production in 1976 until 1988 where the disaster sinked the whole platform into the sea. First th e Piper Alpha platform functions as an oil platform and then later converted into gas production. 2. 1. 1 Management Four companies that later transformed into the OPCAL joint venture to obtain n oil exploration license in 1972 that lead them to discover the Piper oil field located north of England, beside Scotland. At the time of the disaster the Piper Oil field was accounted for approximately ten percent of the North Sea oil and gas production. The offshore oil and gas was a very new industry introduced to the United Kingdom very briefly 30 years ago. The naive government was seduced by the very promising reward of the industry, knowing that it’ll be high risk. The management disregarded adherence to certain safety rules. There were regulations, but enforcement was not there. The nation and corporate pride rendered everything in disaster. 2. 1. 2 Structure and Function A large fixed platform, Piper Alpha was situated on the Piper oilfield, approximately 120 miles (193 km) northeast of Aberdeen in 474 feet (144 m) of water, and comprised four modules separated by firewalls. The platform was constructed by McDermott Engineering at Ardersier and UIE at Cherbourg, with the sections united at Ardersier before tow out during 1975, with production commencing in late 1976 (Drysdale Slyvester-Evans, 1998). The west and east elevation of the topsides of the Piper Alpha platform are as shown in figures 2 and 3. Module A, the wellhead module was considered to be the most hazardous were arranged so to provide a maximum separation with module D, which contain various utilities and also the accommodation deck above. Module comprises of 36 wellhead which is used to control the flow of hydrocarbons and water from the well. Module B is the production where separation of oil and other fluids took place. From there, the oil will also be pumped into the main oil-line for transmission to Flotta. It contained the manifolds, test and main production seperators and the main oil line export pump. Module C contains the gas compression equipment whereby gas from the production seperators will be compressed for export ashore via the main oil line. In the early 1980’s, a gas conservation module had been installed at the 107’ level but at the time of the disaster this module was under maintenance and therefore gas was compressed and processed only in module C. 2. 2 Objectives of the Management Consider the situation prevailing in the North Sea ten minutes prior to the incident, the standard operating climate in the United Kingdom offshore oil and gas industry could be characterized as a mixture of greed, ignorance, complacency and the lack of concern for the danger that the individual faced. Though this has been long recognized, but the conveniently ignored fact was given approval by the government. It excluded the offshore industry from the provision of the Health and Safety at Work Act, and allowed the government safety inspectors under the Department of Energy of watch over it. 3. Industrial Processes . 1 Operation Functions The Piper Alpha production level and deck support level are shown in figures 4 and 5 respectively. The oil platform started production in 1976 with about 250,000 barrels (40,000 m3) of oil per day increasing to 300,000 barrels (48,000 m3). A gas recovery module was installed by 1980. Production declined to 125,000 barrels (19,900 m3) by 1988. The OP CAL also built the Flotta oil terminal on Orkney Island, using the sub-sea pipeline to deliver the processed oil to the terminal. The terminal also acts as a terminal for some other oil platform like the Tartan and Claymore field. One thirty inch (0. 762 m) diameter main oil pipeline ran 128 miles (206 kilometers) from Piper Alpha to Flotta, with a short oil pipeline from the Claymore platform joining it some twenty miles (32 km) to the west. The Tartan field also fed oil to Claymore and then onto the main line to Flotta. Separate 46 cm diameter gas pipelines run from Piper to the Tartan platform and from Piper to the gas compressing platform some 30 miles (48 km) to the northwest. As mentioned in 2. 1. 2 structure and functions, module A, B and C are the main processing and production section. Module D located at the north face/ end of the platform consist of the control room, workshops, electrical power generation, the emergency diesel generator and some switch gear. The accommodation deck is also directly above module D. Module A-D were all separated by firewalls which were not rated for explosion over pressure (Drysdale Slyvester-Evans, 1998). The firewall between modules C and D was specified for a 6 hours fire rating while those between modules A and B and modules B and C were specified as a fire barrier of 4. 5 hours (see figure 4). At the time of the disaster, the hydrocarbon inventory within the production modules was approximately 80 tonnes, this mainly being located in module B and, in particular, within the two production separators. In addition, there was a further 160 tonnes of diesel located in tanks above module C. The location of the risers on the platform is shown in figure 5. Each pipeline had an emergency shutdown valve located in close proximity to its respective pig trap. Each valve was designed to be closed from the control room and provide a positive isolation of the pipeline from the platform. 4. Causes of the Incident 4. 1 Human Factors A number of human errors were identified to contribute to the severity of the incident including deficient analysis of hazard, deficiencies in permit to work system, inadequate training in this field of industry and emergency response procedure. There was a breakdown of the chain of command and lack of any communication to the platforms crew (Pate-Cornell, 1992). The Cullen report on Piper Alpha was highly critical of the management system in the company. Managers had minimal qualifications, which led to poor practices and ineffective audits. The workers on the platform were also not adequately trained in emergency procedures, and management was not trained to make up the gap and provide good leadership during a crisis situation. Other than that, Occidental Petroleum had regular safety audits of its facilities but they were not performed well. Few, if any, problems were ever brought up, even though there were serious issues with corrosion of deluge system pipes and heads and many other issues. When a major problem was found, it was sometimes just ignored. All these contributed greatly to the disaster. . 2 Design and Process Factors In the control room the monitoring panels were not clearly visible and operators could not tell were the alarms originated from during the explosion. The firewalls on Piper Alpha could have stopped the spread of a fire. They were however not built to withstand an explosion. The initial blast blew the firewalls down, and the subsequent fire spread unimpeded. The disaster would not have occurred if the pump where work was being done had been positively isolated when first detected the problem at night (Pate-Cornell, 1992). Isolation is not achieved by shutting a valve but requires means such as insertion of a slip plate or removal of a pipe section. Moreover, the emergency shutdown and backup valves were not in proper location where it is easily accessible in case of fire. Above all, there was no temporary safe refuge (e. g. a room that could withstand fire and have breathable atmosphere) on the platform to weather disaster of such kind. The escape and evacuation route was also very limited, causing much of the on board workers to die of suffocation. 4. 3 Roots Factors The main factors that cause this terrible incident would largely be blamed on humans. The overall attitude of the United Kingdom government and also the management were complacent and ignorant. There were many issues that were rushed over when delving into this industry, blinded by pride and the offer of high-tech sunrise industry. Regulations and rules set were just for legal purposes only, not really much enforced in the days. OPCAL invested a lot into this new technology. Thinking that so much had been invested and earned, they will obviously spend enough to make sure it won’t just lose everything so easily. There was a grim acceptance among the workforce that if a ? 500 million platform would go up in smoke, there must be 5000 lifeboat or more than enough rubber dingy would save their life. Lifeboat were being guarded by unprepared crew, nobody took the safety aspect seriously (Bull, 2004). The whole industry and project was full of complacency, from the government to the management, to the workers. This killing attitude was reflected in their work procedures, precautions taken and even the building of the structure itself. 5. Consequences of the Effects of the Incident . 1 Health 229 people were on board and 167 were killed, including two men from the standby vessel. Many of those saved were also seriously injured. Other than that, most of the survivors were diagnose of having a long term psychological problems. They were reposted of having psychological and behavioral symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder (Pate-Cornell, 1992). 28 of the survivors had difficulty in finding employm ent following the disaster, it appears that offshore employers the Piper Alpha survivors as bringers of bad luck. Family members and friends of the victims were also greatly affected on their psychological and social life. Other than the drawbacks on health, it was also accounted that the Piper Alpha survivors were stronger than before the disaster. They’ve learned to values things more, having a change of perspective and strengthening the family bond they have. 5. 2 Environment and Ecology The impact of the disaster on the environment was notable. Scientist showed that a highly toxic chemical that fell into the North Sea during the explosion would not have been completely burned up. Up to 5. 5tonnes of cooling fluid, polychlorinated bithenyl (PCB) went into to the sea, disrupting the marine life. The chemical was very resistant toward fire and decomposition quickly went into the food chain. Fishes caught in the North Sea were found to be contaminated with the chemical. The burning of the oil and gas on the platform produces great amount of harmful gases such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. These gases could have contributed to the increasing green house effect and also air pollution. There was also oil spilled to the sea during the explosion. These oils contaminated the surrounding beaches, coastal areas and shallow lagoons. Some animals were totally wiped out due to the contaminated water such as the littoral crab. 5. 3 Costs The disaster costs a total insured lost of US$3. 4 billion. This is the worst offshore oil disaster. Not only does OPCAL lost the Piper Alpha platform, but the income that the platform generates every day. At the time of the disaster, the Piper Alpha platform produces 125,000barrels per day. The disaster led to insurance claims of around US$ 1. billion, making it at that time the largest insured man-made catastrophe (Bull, 2004). 6. Improvement and Prevention 6. 1 Design and Process There was a regulatory offshore installation control being implemented. The Offshore Installation Safety Case Regulations, a written document in which a company must demonstrate that an effective safety management (SMS) is in place on a particular offshore insta llation. Fire walls that can withstand explosion must be used instead of the normal fire walls to avoid explosion destroying the structure (Bull, 2004). There should also be protection against and mitigation of fire on the platform itself. Relying on outside assistance like the fire brigade is just too ineffective. The disaster would not have occurred if the pump where work was being done had been positively isolated. Isolation is not achieved by shutting a valve but requires means such as insertion of a slip plate or removal of a pipe section. Emergency shutdown valves and backup valves are essential to cutting off fuel supply in case of fire, so there must always be one at multiple point of the platform and also easily accessible. The temporary safety refuge (TSR) should have a breathable atmosphere and fire protection. Prevention of smoke ingress into TSR is available through smoke and gas detectors that initiate smoke dampers and prevent circulation of smoke throughout the TSR (Bull, 2004). More than one route to helicopters and lifeboats must be present at any given time to ensure evacuation of the platform in a crisis situation. To facilitate escape from a hazardous situation, luminescent strips and heat shielding provide visibility in smoke and protection from flames, respectively. Secondary escapes such as ropes, ladders, and nets are also available as backup for the more sophisticated escape methods. 6. 2 Human Resources Throughout the disaster there were too many informal communications. Communications between shift change was also lacking. A Permit-to-Work system was introduced, it is a system of paperwork designed to promote communications between all parties affected by the maintenance procedure done on the platform (Bull, 2004). Other than that, management systems in the company must highly qualify. Managers on Piper Alpha had minimal qualifications, which led to poor practices and ineffective audits, which should be avoided completely. To control such a system of high risk there should be someone who is highly qualified. Occidental Petroleum had regular safety audits of its facilities but they were not performed well. Few, if any, problems were ever brought up, even though there were serious issues with corrosion of deluge system pipes and heads and many other issues. When a major problem was found, it must be quickly attended. 6. 3 Safety and Health The workers on the platform were not adequately trained in emergency procedures, and management was not trained to make up the gap and provide good leadership during a crisis situation. Proper safety training should be given to all workers before working on any offshore platforms. Routine body check-up should also be carried out to ensure all workers on board are fit for duty at all time. In case of any accident, any offshore platform should always provide gas masks or smoke dampers installed in the platform to avoid toxic gas being inhaled by workers. To contain the oil spilled, facilities or standby ships must be ever ready to tackle any accident to minimize the damaged caused (Bull, 2004). 7. Conclusion The Piper Alpha disaster was clearly an accident of human errors. With a mixed of complacency and indifferent towards the needs for safety, there is no one to be blamed for that. It cost not only the company great losses but also the government and many innocent lives. On the other hand the accident caught enough attention to change a lot of regulations and attention towards safety at work, especially industry that involves dangerous working conditions such as oil and gas. Any other countries and companies started to have a strict enforcement on safety at work. Structures and designs of platform give more possible backup plans in case of accident. Nevertheless, the working attitude of a worker is the most important to ensure safety at any time, for it is the altitude depends on attitude, not aptitude. 8. List of References Bull, D. C. 2004, A critical review of post Piper-Alpha developments in explosion science for the Offshore Industry, HSE publications, Norwich. Centre Of RSK 2001, Piper Alpha Accident [Online]. URL: http://www. smd. mul. ac. uk/risk/yearone/casestudies/piper-alpha. html Drysdale, D. D. ; Slyvester-Evans, R. 1998, ‘The explosion and Fire on the Piper Alpha Platform, 6 July 1988’, A case study, Technical Note, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 2929-2951. Fire And Blast Information Group 2011, Piper Alpha [Online]. URL: http://www. fabig. com/Accidents/Piper+Alpha. htm Heaney, M. 2007, Lessons Learnt From The Piper Alpha Disaster [Online ]. URL: http://www. ecademy. com/node. php? id=80465 Learning from accidents, Kletz, T. , 3rd edition, Gulf Professional Publishing, 2001. Lees’ Loss Prevention in the Process Industries: Hazard Identification, Assessment and Control, ed. Mannan, S. , 3rd edition, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005. Pate-Cornell, M. E. 1992, ‘A Post-mortem Analysis of Technical and Organizational Factors’, Learning From The Piper Alpha Accident, Technical Note, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 215-232. The Public Inquiry into the Piper Alpha Disaster, Cullen, The Honourable Lord, HM Stationery Office, 1990. Wikipedia 2011, Piper Alpha [Online]. URL: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Piper_Alpha

EPUB vs mobi Which eBook Format Should You Use

EPUB vs mobi Which eBook Format Should You Use EPUB vs mobi: Which eBook Format Should You Use? EPUBs and mobi  files are the most common ebook formats in the world. If you're a self-publishing author looking to distribute your title in ebook stores (which you should: some of the most voracious readers own e-readers) you will need to know a little about these two file types. In this post, you will learn everything you need to know about the Clash of the Titans that is epub vs mobi. Finally! EPUB vs mobi! What's the difference? #selfpub #kdp What is an EPUB?An EPUB file is the most widely-accepted ebook format on the market. It’s the industry standard, used by Apple, Kobo, Barnes Noble, Sony and Google e-readers.A free and open standard based on HTML (much like the files your web browser would read), EPUB is a remarkably flexible format that supports a wealth of features. It can optimize a book’s text to fit your device, embed images, and allow for bookmarking, highlighting and text-to-speak. The latest version, EPUB 3, will even permit you to add multimedia content like video and audio clips.All around, it’s pretty great - which is why the publishing industry has rallied around it as its ebook format of choice. If you want to upload your book directly to almost any ebook retail platform – through Kobo Writing Life or Nook Press, for example – or use an ‘aggregator’ like Smashwords or Draft2Digital, you will need to have an EPUB file.So what’s stopping EPUB from be ing the single digital book format?What is a mobi file? Does Moby prefer mobis to EPUBs? One can only assume.Mobi files are the ebook files used exclusively by Amazon’s Kindle Store. Or, if we're staying up-to-date, the actual proprietary standard is now called AZW. The major difference between mobi files and EPUBs is that the Amazon format is protected by  Digital Rights Management (DRM) which ‘locks’ the book so it can only be read on devices associated with your account. Amazon is the largest ebook retailer in the world by quite a long way: in 2015 they were responsible for over 70% of ebooks sold in the US. This massive market share is part of the reason why they can insist on using their own format.To summarize: the Kindle store uses mobi files, and every other major ebook uses EPUBs. But, if you're an author looking to export an ebook file that's compatible everywhere, what can you do? Well, the short answer is that you should export an EPUB, for reasons we'll look at right now. If you have an EPUB that you want to convert to mobi  right now,  you can simply put it through our  EPUB to mobi converter! You'll get a beautiful new mobi file in your email inbox within minutes.Amazon's Kindle Direct Publishing platform also has an integrated tool which will convert EPUBs into mobi files. The Reedsy team ran countless tests and found the conversion to be pretty seamless.Finally, if you export an ebook using the Reedsy Book Editor, you will have the option to choose your ebook retailers. If you select 'Amazon' as an option, you will download your book in mobi format.When should you use PDF files?The PDF, which has remained one of the most popular document formats since its debut in 2001, is still widely used in publishing for two purposes. Print on DemandPerhaps the most cost-effective way of selling physical copies on a small scale, self-publishing authors commonly use what’s called a print-on-demand (POD) service. Instead of ordering a print run and filling a warehouse with paperbacks, copies will only be printed as and when they’ve been purchased either by individual buyers  or a bookstore.The two most popular POD services are IngramSpark and KDP Print  (formerly CreateSpace), the latter of which is - would you believe it? - an Amazon company. A print-on-demand book, sourced from a PDF file.For this, you will need a file that contains strict definitions of your book’s layout and content – which is why we use PDF files. There are countless different types of PDF out there but for our purposes, the format will need to a ‘print-ready PDF’ to make it compatible with printers.   Any hyperlinks will be removed and your image colors will be expressed in CMYK, and not using the RGB color model.Graphically Intensive eBooksBoth EPUBs and mobis are great at handling text-intensive books like novels, memoirs and some non-fiction books. They are, however, less awesome at dealing with books that have a lot of images, graphs and photos - art books and travel guides, for example. If you need your ebook to look exactly the same as the print version, you may wish to sell it as a PDF, which will ensure fidelity across all devices.The downside is that basic black-and-white Kindles (and e-readers like it) will str uggle to display them well - as these PDF books will tend to be fixed-width. Unlike an EPUB file, where the text is "reflowable" and will adapt to the shape and size of your device, reading a small-print PDF book on a Kindle Paperwhite is nothing short of a chore.Creating EPUBs and print-ready PDFsReedsy offers a free online book editing tool that lets you professionally format a book with no training required. Once you’re happy with how it looks, you can export your book for free as both EPUB and print-ready PDF files! To find out more about how the Reedsy Book Editor can help you publish your own book, click here.To learn more about how to set up your ebook on the different retailers, read our master guide on ebook publishing platforms.If you have any thoughts or questions on choosing a file format, drop us a message in the box below.

Summary about the adventures of Aladdin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary about the adventures of Aladdin - Essay Example Excited, he told his mother of the adventures. The widow took the lamp and rubbed it. Out came a genie that offered them all they wanted from that moment. Aladdin grew to a handsome man and wanted to marry the Sultan’s daughter. The genie magically helped Aladdin and his mother provide all that the Sultan asked in exchange of his daughter. Diamonds, forty slaves, and forty Arab warriors were all given to the Sultan. News of Aladdin’s fortune spread allover. He however, never told his wife of the magic lamp. One day, the wife gave the old lamp to a merchant in exchange for a new one and the genie was under the merchant’s service. The merchant whisked Aladdin’s possessions away and sent the princess and the palace away too. As he wept over his lost fortune and wife, Aladdin remembered the wizard’s ring and slid it in his finger. He requested it to take him to his wife. Immediately, he found himself in his palace and saw the princess and the wizard. He put some powder in the wizard’s tea, which led to his deep sleep. Form the story; one learns that misfortunes follow those that pay good for evil. The wizard refused to take Aladdin out of the hole though he had helped him get the magic lamp. As a result, the wizard loses everything and ends up as Aladdin’s servant. Another lesson form the story is that good actions always bring forth good rewards. Aladdin helps the wizard, and though he is not immediately appreciated, he ends up getting more than he

About the Country Cuba Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

About the Country Cuba Policing - Essay Example Asamblea Nacional de Poder Popular is the legislature of Cuba which means the National Assembly of People's Power and it meets two tomes in a year. All citizens who have no criminal background above the age of 16 can vote. The administrative subdivision of Cuba has 15 provinces and Isle of Youth (special municipality). Cuba has a lower crime rates than other major countries and cities. The police in Cuba are really active against crime.The principles of Marxism-Leninism are a key influential factor in the law system of Cuba and it is based on the Spanish Civil Laws. One of the important parts of Cuban law is the family law, which consists of marriage related laws like divorce, conjugal property relationships, recognition of children, responsibility of caring children, and education as well as adoption of children. Other than the family law, Cuban law also consists of substantive law and procedural law. The substantive and procedural laws were also made on the basis of the Spanish law . The major laws under the procedural and substantive law are criminal law, private property law and economic regulation. The laws which restrict the freedom of expression are a characteristic of Cuban law. The articles that restrict freedom of expression are article 62, 144, 208, 209, 103, 207, 115, 143, 72-90 and 91. Article 62 â€Å"seriously limits in practice the exercise of freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly†... One of the important parts of Cuban law is the family law, which consists of marriage related laws like divorce, conjugal property relationships, recognition of children, responsibility of caring children, and education as well as adoption of children. Other than the family law, Cuban law also consists of substantive law and procedural law. The substantive and procedural laws were also made on the basis of the Spanish law. The major laws under the procedural and substantive law are criminal law, private property law and economic regulation. The laws which restrict the freedom of expression are a characteristic of Cuban law. The articles that restrict freedom of expression are article 62, 144, 208, 209, 103, 207, 115, 143, 72-90 and 91. Article 62 â€Å"seriously limits in practice the exercise of freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly† (Restrictions on Freedom of Expression in Cuba, 2010, p. 8). 3. Provide an overview of policing in your country. Further, dis cuss how it compares to policing in the U.S. You may want to talk about the use of specific policies in this section (e.g. zero tolerance law enforcement, etc.) Cuba is an authoritarian police nation which relies on exploitive techniques to sustain control. These techniques comprise intense electronic surveillance and physical control of both foreign visitors and Cuban cities. In general, Cuba is very safe state. It gives prominent and strict policing, joint with area watch style-programs that keep the streets safe from aggressive offense. However, a certain degree of caution and common-sense is advisable, especially in main cities. Guests are advised to keep away from coming to the attention of security services and Cuban police. Drug rules can be draconian and their execution

The Two of a Great Artworks of Georgia O'Keeffe Essay

The Two of a Great Artworks of Georgia O'Keeffe - Essay Example The form of art used is Painting. Not being the portrait paintings, these two pieces represent Creative Painting form of art, wherein O'Keeffe's has used her imagination. The Sky Above The Clouds puts on canvass her imagination to bring out how the sky looks from a height above 30,000 feet from the aeroplane. The painting uses very few colours giving it a sombre look and is one of the most appreciated art pieces of O'Keeffe. The Gray Line puts on canvass a feeling of serenity. It is an abstract painting leaving it for the viewers to understand what it tries to speak. Most of the reviews written on it link it with the beauty of women and the tenderness of women. Both are essentially two-dimensional artworks. It is to be noted here that graphic designs, drawings, paintings belong to the two-dimensional art forms whereas the three-dimensional art form has length, breadth, and height which include sculptures, statues etc. Both the artworks of O'Keffee under discussion belong to the Abstr act form of art. This is so because the art itself on its look does not depict anything in the natural world in particular. Instead, it is making use of colours in a non-representational way. It depicts real forms, keeping just an allusion of the original subject that it wants the viewer's mind to hit. These paintings carry an intrinsic quality of od abstraction making them â€Å"non-figurative† â€Å"non-objective" as well as "non-representational†. Both the art pieces belong to Fine Arts indicating a form of visual art and are concerned with beauty that appeals to the viewer's mind.

Determination of Uranium Concentration in Uranium Ore

Determination of Uranium Concentration in Uranium Ore Investigation of effective Parameters on determination of uranium concentration in uranium ore by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy A. AliValiOllahi*, Gh. Alahyarizadeh, S. A. Ahmadi, A. Minuchehr, A. Zolfaghari Abstract Uranium concentration in four different sample solutions (A, B, C and D) of uranium ore was determined by X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The effect of several different parameters on the XRF results including types of acid digestion, sample amount and calibration methods were also investigated. Regarding to absent of uranium ore standard, the samples were prepared as solutions. Three different microwave acid digestions, (HNO3: HCl: HF-6:2:2), (H3PO4: H2SO4: HF-3:3:3), (HNO3: H2O2: HF-4:2:2), were used. The highest uranium concentrations for three samples (A, C and D) were obtained by third acid digestion method and another sample (B), was obtained by second acid digestion, which were 10.8, 4.8, 9.8 and 12.5 ppm, respectively. To study the matrix effect, different standard calibrations such as external calibration, internal addition were applied. The results were also confirmed by the measurements which wer e performed by ICP-OES. Keywords: Uranium ore, X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy, ICP-OES, Microwave acid digestion, internal addition Introduction Uranium is the famous element from the actinide series in the periodic table which has an atomic number of 92. it is silver color, ductile, flexible and slightly paramagnetic metal which has high density. Uranium is the material of vast technological importance because of its use as the main fuel in nuclear reactors. The usual source for uranium production is uranium ores which are too limited. Therefore, determination of uranium concentration in the uranium ores has very high importance [1, 2]. Several techniques have been developed for determination of uranium. Including inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [3, 4], inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) [5], inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) [6, 7], flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) [8], graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) [9], X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) [10, 11]. Geological samples which contain uranium are most commonly analyzed by XRF method. Many studies have been carried out on the use of XRF for determination of uranium concentration in ore samples. P. Arikan et al studied quantitative analysis of uranium in ore deposit by XRF; their experiments clearly show the capability of XRF method for analysis of uranium in uranium bearing ores [12]. M. A. Al-Eshaikh determined uranium content in phosphate ores using different measurement techniques; they concluded that XRF provides the accurate results for heavy elements such as uranium [15]. Furthermore, many researches have been issued on the use of ICP-OES for the determination of uranium in uranium matrices. P. Murugesan et al studied determination of total concentration of uranium in borehole core samples by ICP-OES; they concluded that the ICP-OES results obtained compare favorably by using differential technique in laser-induced fluorimetry, which they used as a reference measurement procedure [13] and J. S. Santos et al studied operating condition for determination of uranium by ICP-OES; their results agreed with the results achieved using ICP-MS [14]. In the present study, XRF spectrometry was used to determine the concentration of uranium in four different uranium ore samples which was prepared by three various acid digestion strategies. The effect of different acid digestions and also different addition methods were studied on the results. ICP-OES method was also used for the results validation. Materials and methods Instrumentation The analytical determination of uranium was carried out with ICP-OES spectrometer: Spectra Genesis and XRF spectrometer: Spectra Xepos. A Spectra Xepos XRF spectrometer that uses a 50 watt end-window X-ray tube to excite samples was used for XRF measurements. The target changer, with up to 8 polarization and secondary targets, offers many different excitation conditions ensuring optimum determination of all elements from Na to U. The detector is a state-of-the-art silicon drift detector and measurements can be conducted in a He gas. And also a Spectro Genesis spectrometer that is equipped with powerful automation functions for the safe unattended analysis of a large number of samples with an optional autosampler, several hundred samples can be processed without operator intervention. An extensive package Such as a wide range of sample introduction systems, autosamplers, an autodilutor, an ultrasonic nebulizer and hydride generator accessories is available for the Spectro Genesis and it covers the entire relevant wavelength range from 175 to 777nm. A free-running generator with a frequency of 27.12 MHz and a power output of 0.7 to 1.7 kW is utilized. It includes automatic plasma ignition as well as an energy and argon-saving standby mode. The software uses for the Spectro Genesis is The Smart Analyzer Vision software. Table 1 shows some operating conditions and basic information about the devices used in this study. Table 1 Operating parameters of ICP-OES and XRF The sample digestions were arranged using the Multiwave 3000 Anton Paar Microwave Digestion System with eight digestion vessels was used for microwave assisted acid digestion procedures. Table 2 shows operating conditions used for the acid digestion procedures. Table 2 Operating programs of microwave acid digestions Fan Hold(min) Ramp(min) P-Rate( bar/sec) Power Watt Program 1 3 15 15 5 0 0.5 600 0 Cleaning 1 2 45 20 5 0 0.5 700 0 Main 1 2 20 20 0 0 0.5 600 0 Complexing Reagents and solutions The acids were used; hydrochloric acid (37% w/v), nitric acid (67% w/v), hydrofluoric acid (40% w/v), sulfuric acid (95% w/v), phosphoric acid (424% w/v) and hydrogen peroxide (521% w/v) were suprapure reagents (Suprapure, Merck). Boric acid (2% w/v) was analytical-reagent grade (AnalaR; BDH, Chemical Poole, England). High-purity water (electrical resistivity >18Mà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦cm) was produced with a Milli-Q system (Millipore, MA, USA). Calibration was obtained with external standards. Standard solutions were prepared by diluting a 1000ppm uranium standard solution (ICP Multielement Standard IV, Merck, Darmstadt, FRG). Sample preparation Four different uranium ore samples were collected from various regions of Iran that named A, B, C and D. To prepare the liquid sample for examination with XRF and ICP-OES spectrometers, the ore samples should be completely digested using acid combinations. Due to the silica in the samples, HF acid had to be used to achieve complete digestion. Three different acid combinations were used, first 6ml of hydrochloric acid, 2ml of nitric acid plus 2ml of hydrofluoric acid (HNO3:HCl:HF-6:2:2) [16], second 3ml of phosphoric acid, 3ml of sulfuric acid and 3ml of hydrofluoric acid (H3PO4: H2SO4: HF-3:3:3) [17] and third 4ml of nitric acid, 2ml of hydrogen peroxide and 2ml of hydrofluoric acid (HNO3: H2O2: HF-4:2:2) [18, 19]. 0.4g of each ore sample ( Results and discussions Calibration of XRF method Standard 1000ppm uranium solutions were available; five solutions (100ppm, 20ppm, 5ppm, 2ppm and blank) were prepared, 3.5ml of each solution was analyzed in the XRF and the uranium method was created. For determining different elements in XRF method usually KÃŽ ± or LÃŽ ± is used, since uranium is a heavy element, LÃŽ ± was measured [21, 22, 23]. Intensities of uranium peaks and calculated concentration of uranium in standard solutions is summarized in table 3 and the calibration curve is plotted in figure 1. Table 3 Normal impulses and calculated conc. of U in Standards Figure 1 Calibration plot of standards using X-Rays Influence of different acid digestions on uranium measurement The uranium ore samples (A, B, C and D) were digested using three different acid digestion strategies. Using the uranium method obtained from calibration 3.5ml samples were prepared and analyzed in the XRF and their uranium concentrations were measured, results are summarized in table 4. Table 4 Uranium concentration (ppm) of U-ore samples by XRF Influence of the volume of samples on uranium measurement To check the influence of the volume of samples on measurements, 2ml, 3ml, 3.5ml and 4ml samples were also prepared using sample B 3:3:3 and analyzed in the XRF and their uranium concentrations were measured using the uranium method previously obtained. Table 5 shows the results and it can be seen, the volume of samples has insignificant effect on the results. Table 5 Uranium concentration (ppm) for different amount of sample Influence of addition on sample matrices in XRF measurement Since the matrix structure of samples has a significant influence on XRF measurements, the influence was studied using the addition method. One of the uranium ore samples (sample B) was used; 2.5ml of this sample was added by 1ml of the addition solution. Addition solutions were 200ppm, 100ppm, 50ppm and blank. The final solutions were analyzed by XRF using uranium method. The results are summarized in table 6 and figure 2. Table 6 Uranium concentration (ppm) for various additions Figure 2 Uranium concentration for various additions Another addition method was also used, in this method 3ml, 2.5ml, 2ml, 1.5ml, 1ml and 0.5ml samples were added by respectively 0.5ml, 1ml, 1.5ml, 2ml, 2.5ml and 3ml of standard 100ppm solution, the results are summarized in table 7 and figure 3. Table 7 uranium concentration (ppm) of various additions Figure 3 Concentration of various additions ICP-OES method results compared to XRF Due to its high accuracy, rapid analysis and simplicity, ICP-OES method was used for result validation. Similar to the XRF method, calibration is achieved using standard solutions. Eight standard solutions were used, and the results are summarized in table 7 and the calibration curve is plotted in figure 3 Table 8 Insenties of U peaks and calculated conc. of U in standard solutions Figure 4 Calibration plot of standards using ICP-OES . The uranium ore samples (A, B, C and D) were digested using similar acid digestion strategies used in XRF method. Uranium concentrations were measured in the samples (table 9). Table 9 Uranium concentration (ppm) of U-ore samples by ICP-OES As it can be seen the results of uranium concentration from ICP-OES are conformity with the results of XRF. Conclusion Uranium is a material of vast technological importance because of its use as a main fuel in nuclear reactors. Determination of uranium concentration in uranium ores has very high importance. Uranium concentration in four different ore samples of Iran uranium ores was determined by XRF and ICP-OES spectrometry methods. Three different microwave acid digestions were used. After sample preparation, calibration was done using standard solutions. Five samples were used for the XRF method and eight were used for ICP-OES. The uranium concentration was measured in these samples. References [1] N. L. Misra, S. Dhara, A. Das, G. S. Lodha, S. K. Aggarwal And I. Varga, Trace determination of uranium in fertilizer samples by total reflection X-ray fluorescence, Pramana – J. Phys., Vol. 76, No. 2, February 2011 [2] J. S. Santos, L. S. G. Teixeira, W. N. L. dos Santos, V. A. Lemos, J. M. Godoy and S. L.C. Ferreira, Uranium determination using atomic spectrometric techniques: An overview, Analytica Chimica Acta 674 (2010) 143–156 [3] A. Sasmaz M. Yaman, Determination of Uranium and Thorium in Soil and Plant Parts around Abandoned Lead–Zinc–Copper Mining Area, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, (2008), 39:17-18, 2568-2583 [4] C. Charalambous, M. Aletrari, P. Piera, P. Nicolaidou-Kanari, M. Efstathiou, I. Pashalidis, Uranium levels in Cypriot ground water samples determined by ICP- M S and alpha-spectroscopy, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 116 (2013) 187e192 [5] A. Premadas, P. K. Srivastava, Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric determination of lanthanides and Y in various uranium hydrometallurgical products, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 251, No. 2 (2002) 233–239 [6] K. Satyanarayana and S. Durani, Separation and inductively coupled plasma optical emission, spectrometric (ICP-OES) determination of trace impurities in nuclear grade uranium oxide, J Radioanal Nucl Chem (2010) 285:659–665 [7] M. Bettinelli, G.M. Beone, S. Spezia and C. Baffi, Determination of heavy metals in soils and sediments by microwave-assisted digestion and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry analysis, Analytica Chimica Acta 424 (2000) 289–296 [8] B. P. Li, M. B. Luo, J. Q. Li, W. Liu, Y.Z. Sun and G.L. Guo, Determination of cadmium and lead in high purity uranium compounds by flame atomic absorption spectrometry with on-line micro-column preconcentration by CL-7301 resin, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 278, No.1 (2008) 3–8 [9] T. Inui, A. Kosuge, A. Ohbuchi, K. Fujita, Y. Koike, M. Kitano and T. Nakamura, Determination of heavy metals at sub-ppb levels in water by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using a direct introduction technique after preconcentration with an iminodiacetate extraction disk, American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, (2012) 3, 683-692 [10] Y. B. Rao, B. V. V. Ramana, P. G. Raghavan and R. B. Yadav, Determination of uranium in process stream solutions from uranium extraction plant employing energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, J Radioanal Nucl Chem (2012) 294:371–376 [11] S. Dhara, N. L. Misra, S. K. Aggarwal and V. Venugopal, Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence determination of cadmium in uranium matrix using Cd KÃŽ ± line excited by continuum, Spectrochimica Acta Part B 65 (2010) 461 –465 [12] P. Arikan and A. Ozmen, Quantitative analysis of uranium in ore deposit by calibration standardization of XRF, Commun. Fac. Sci. Univ. Ank. Series A2, A3, (1987) V. 36, pp 35-40 [13] P. Murugesan1, S. K. Jain1, M. Kumar, P. K. Tarafder and D. P. S. Rathore, Determination of total concentration of uranium in borehole core samples: comparative studies using differential technique in laser-induced fluorimetry and ICP-OES, Exploration and Research for Atomic Minerals, Vol. 23, 2013, pp. 137-144 [14] J. S. Santos, L. S. G. Texeira, R. G. O. Araujo, A. P. Fernandes, M. G. A. Korn and S. L. C. Ferreira, Optimization of the operating conditions using factorial designs for determination of uranium by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, Micro chemical Journal 97 (2011) 113-117 [15] M. A. Al-Eshaikh, A. N. Kadachi, M. M. Sarfraz, Determination of uranium content in phosphate ores using different measurement techniques, Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences (2013) [16] M. Chen and L. Q. Ma, Comparison of Three Aqua Regia Digestion Methods for Twenty Florida Soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. (2001) J. 65:491–499 [17] S. V. D. Sluis, Y. Meszaros, W. G. J. Marchee, H. A. Wesselingh and G. M. V. Rosmalen, The digestion of phosphate ore in phosphoric acid, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1987, 26, 2501-2505 [18] F. L. Pantuzzo, J. C. J. Silva, V. S.T. Ciminelli, A fast and accurate microwave-assisted digestion method for arsenic determination in complex mining residues by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, Journal of Hazardous Materials 168 (2009) 1636–1638 [19] J. Ivanova, R. Djingova, S. Korhammer and B. Markert , On the microwave digestion of soils and sediments for determination of lanthanides and some toxic and essential elements by inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometry, Talanta 54 (2001) 567–574 [20] Brian Lee Francom, X-ray fluorescence instrument calibration, Theory and Application, Department of Physics Brigham Young University-Idaho, December 2008 [21] R. M. Conrey, J. A. Wolff, A. Seyfarth, A. VanHoose, M. Goodman-Elgar, N. Bettencourt, D. Boschmann and K.Werling, Portable XRF Calibration Using Influence Coefficients [22] D. F. Siems, the Determination of 30 Elements in Geological Materials by Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry, (2000) Open-File Report 00-475

Global Warming: A Theory of Accelerating Process of Climate Change Ess

Abstract: Theory of global warming explaining the phenomena of accelerating change in the number and size of weather-related disturbances. This is a synthesis of three books: Al Gore's an inconvenient truth, Stuart Kauffman's At Home in the Universe, and Dr. James Lovelock's Gaia: A new look at life on Earth, presenting a theory predicting the general parameters of global warming over the coming years. 1. Introduction. This paper is intended as a starting point for creating a framework within which to discuss and analyze what appears to be a substantial change in worldwide climate. It is essentially a synthesis of three books: (1.) an inconvenient truth, the crisis of global warming, written by Al Gore (2007), (2.) At Home in the Universe, The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity, by Stuart Kauffman (1995), and, (3) Gaia: A new look at life on Earth, by Dr. James Lovelock (1979) (see, also, Wikipedia.org, â€Å"Gaia Theory†). Kauffman’s book, At Home in the Universe (herein â€Å"Universe†), is a wide-ranging collection of connected thoughts that present and support a unifying theory for all processes of self-organization. Gore’s book, an inconvenient truth (herein â€Å"Inconvenient Truth†), is primarily referenced for the proposition that the totality of human activity (or more broadly, life’s activities) here on Earth, if left unchecked, has and will result in more and greater weather dislocations and disturbances arising from a general warming of the biosphere, and, that the trend to date displays an acceleration forming a rising an asymptotic curve (the first half of a sigmoidal curve). Lovelock’s Book, Gaia: A new look at life on Earth (herein â€Å"Gaia†) is presented as an extension of the theory pr... ...xes and tax breaks, government programs, trade sanctions, etc.) over the course of human existence represents an â€Å"error catastrophe†, such that the collective effect over time has been to steer human activity away from proper compromise and optimization, and toward over-population, and misapplication of resources, such that we are now experiencing the total and collective historical and current effect of those collective errors upon the biosphere. Seen in this light, our efforts and attempts to begin working toward conservation and population control, and away from pollution and misapplication of resources, is yet another example of the â€Å"system† (Gaia) attempting to evolve toward a more fit social structure, and to dampen the disturbances that are taking the system away from its state space attractor (its tendency toward homeostasis in the current configuration).

Buying of Private Brands and Manufacture of Brands

Johanson and Burt article provides an analysis on recent decades’ trend of private labeled brands in European retail outlets—the trend is also gaining pace in North America.The authors are specifically interested in finding similarities and differences of purchasing processes of private brands verses those owned by independent manufacturers. Private brands are hereby taken to mean good, usually foodstuffs that bear retailers name. Johanson and Burt highlight find that initial introduction of these brands into retailers’ shelves was marked with low quality and low prices.However, continued trade of these products has gradually been companied by improved quality to an extent of private brands becoming part of mainstream retailing business. For instance, private brands constitute of 40-50 percent of merchandise sold in British retail outlets (Johanson & Burt 2000). This is in consideration that competitive pressure in retailing industry has sent participants out loo king for ways to increase profit margins.Private brands have also been mentioned as sources of more variety of merchandise and therefore consumer choice at respective outlets (Bass & Binder 2008). Players in the industry have therefore embarked on competing on the provision of low priced private brands, as well as increasing these brands’ loyalty in their already existing customer base.The purchasing of own private brands comes with greater responsibilities on companies and therefore complicate individual retail outlets’ operations. This is in consideration the on other brands, retailers are used to just ordering merchandise from respective manufacturers, but the new approach require retail management to be involved in every step of product development.For instance, retailers have to bore the responsibility of designing private brands, looking for manufacturers (or processors in the case of foodstuffs) and transporters to individual stores, as well as dealing with non sold items.The authors expressed fear that preoccupation with the above processes could derail retailers from their traditional occupation of buying and selling of merchandise and therefore suffer through decreased profit margins, especially because of the extra costs involved.However, private brands have the advantage of the greater amount of market information held by respective retailers. Indeed, shopping chains are more likely to undertaking deep research on merchandise that would fetch most profit margins as private brands (Mattsson 2008). Secondly, the heavy market powers held by private owners are more likely to attract discounts from manufactures and other businesses involved.Many are the companies that scrabble for contracts for manufacture or processing of private brands. Johanson and Burt (2000) have mentioned that success in private brands depend on three forms of integration within individual retail chains.First is vertical integration, which means coordination between retail chain and individual store outlet—this is important in developing efficient processes of moving private brands to from low demand to high demand territories.Second is the horizontal integration which comes to play when the retail chain has many stores that need to interact with each other. Efficient integration between different stores in the same chain and stakeholders is therefore central to successful private branding in retail stores. Johanson and Burt have did, in their article find integration as what has caused British chains to reap higher revenues through private brands.ReferencesBass, A. & Binder, S., 2008, Retail Space Invaders, Available At:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.brandchannel.com/papers_review.asp?sp_id=775Mattsson, A., 2008, Global Retailers Increase Private Brand Goods, Available At:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.intertek- etlsemko.com/portal/page/cust_portal/ITK_PGR/ABOUT_INTERTEK_ETL_PG/  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   OUR _NEWSROOM_PG/UPDATE_NEWSLETTER_PG/Update_2002/SUM02_  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   global_retail_article

Chart of Common Charges of Chemical Elements

Chart of Common Charges of Chemical Elements This is a chart of the most  common charges for atoms of the chemical elements. You can use this chart to predict whether or not an atom can bond with another atom. The charge on an atom is related to its valence electrons or oxidation state. An atom of an element is most stable when its outer electron shell is completely filled or half-filled. The most common charges are based on maximum stability for the atom. However, other charges are possible. For example, hydrogen sometimes has a charge of zero or (less commonly) -1. Although noble gas atoms almost always carry a charge of zero, these elements do form compounds, which means they can gain or lose electrons and carry a charge. Table of Common Element Charges Number Element Charge 1 hydrogen 1+ 2 helium 0 3 lithium 1+ 4 beryllium 2+ 5 boron 3-, 3+ 6 carbon 4+ 7 nitrogen 3- 8 oxygen 2- 9 fluorine 1- 10 neon 0 11 sodium 1+ 12 magnesium 2+ 13 aluminum 3+ 14 silicon 4+, 4- 15 phosphorus 5+, 3+, 3- 16 sulfur 2-, 2+, 4+, 6+ 17 chlorine 1- 18 argon 0 19 potassium 1+ 20 calcium 2+ 21 scandium 3+ 22 titanium 4+, 3+ 23 vanadium 2+, 3+, 4+, 5+ 24 chromium 2+, 3+, 6+ 25 manganese 2+, 4+, 7+ 26 iron 2+, 3+ 27 cobalt 2+, 3+ 28 nickel 2+ 29 copper 1+, 2+ 30 zinc 2+ 31 gallium 3+ 32 germanium 4-, 2+, 4+ 33 arsenic 3-, 3+, 5+ 34 selenium 2-, 4+, 6+ 35 bromine 1-, 1+, 5+ 36 krypton 0 37 rubidium 1+ 38 strontium 2+ 39 yttrium 3+ 40 zirconium 4+ 41 niobium 3+, 5+ 42 molybdenum 3+, 6+ 43 technetium 6+ 44 ruthenium 3+, 4+, 8+ 45 rhodium 4+ 46 palladium 2+, 4+ 47 silver 1+ 48 cadmium 2+ 49 indium 3+ 50 tin 2+, 4+ 51 antimony 3-, 3+, 5+ 52 tellurium 2-, 4+, 6+ 53 iodine 1- 54 xenon 0 55 cesium 1+ 56 barium 2+ 57 lanthanum 3+ 58 cerium 3+, 4+ 59 praseodymium 3+ 60 neodymium 3+, 4+ 61 promethium 3+ 62 samarium 3+ 63 europium 3+ 64 gadolinium 3+ 65 terbium 3+, 4+ 66 dysprosium 3+ 67 holmium 3+ 68 erbium 3+ 69 thulium 3+ 70 ytterbium 3+ 71 lutetium 3+ 72 hafnium 4+ 73 tantalum 5+ 74 tungsten 6+ 75 rhenium 2+, 4+, 6+, 7+ 76 osmium 3+, 4+, 6+, 8+ 77 iridium 3+, 4+, 6+ 78 platinum 2+, 4+, 6+ 79 gold 1+, 2+, 3+ 80 mercury 1+, 2+ 81 thallium 1+, 3+ 82 lead 2+, 4+ 83 bismuth 3+ 84 polonium 2+, 4+ 85 astatine ? 86 radon 0 87 francium ? 88 radium 2+ 89 actinium 3+ 90 thorium 4+ 91 protactinium 5+ 92 uranium 3+, 4+, 6+

Sea Cliffs - Habitats of High, Rocky Coastlines

Sea Cliffs - Habitats of High, Rocky Coastlines Sea cliffs are high, rocky coasts that plunge down to the seas edge. These harsh environments are subject to the battering of waves, wind, and salt-laden sea spray. Conditions on a sea cliff vary as you move up the cliff, with waves and sea spray playing larger parts in shaping the communities at the base of a sea cliff while wind, weather, and sun exposure are the driving forces that shape the communities towards the top of a sea cliff. Sea cliffs provide ideal nesting habitat for many species of sea birds such as gannets, cormorants, kittiwakes, and guillemots. Some cliff-nesting species form large, dense nesting colonies that stretch across the face of the cliff, taking advantage of every inch of available rock. At the base of the cliff, the pommeling by the surf prohibits all but the most tenacious of animals from surviving there. Mollusks and other invertebrates such as crabs and echinoderms occasionally find shelter behind rocky outcrops or tucked within tiny crevices. The top of the sea cliff is often more forgiving than its base and can be frequented by wildlife from surrounding terrain. Often, the craggy edges at the top of a cliff provide ideal habitat for small mammals, reptiles, and birds. Habitat Classification: Ecozones: Terrestrial / Marine Ecosystem: Beaches / Coasts Habitat: Sea Cliffs Wildlife: Birds, mammals, invertebrates, reptiles. Where to See: Sea cliffs are located along rocky coastlines throughout the world.

Operations Management wk1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operations Management wk1 - Essay Example A poor operations management can always result in poor quality of the final products. Q.1 (b) Specialization in production activity is the basic strategy to be established. That is when a product like vehicles are produced every person or group must be specialized in performing certain activities. A particular group must be assigned the duty of production of Chassis, another group or individual must be specialized in electric works, etc. Similarly, after each and every activity it must be checked for perfection. That is the any component of the vehicle should be transferred to the next section only after detailed examination. Q.2 One of the major strategies that made Coca Cola to gain competitive advantage is its branding strategy. Coca Cola popularized its brand image through different advertising modes. They also opened food houses. â€Å"Some of Coca-Cola’s latest domestic marketing strategies include Coke dominating fountain sales.† (Coca Cola Marketing strategy, 2008). Excessive consumer oriented approach is what made Pepsi to be obtain competitive advantage. It even reduced prices of the product during great depression in order to make it available to the consumers. Later on it popularized the brand as a new generation drink. The strategies of both companies were good as both resulted in gaining market advantage through different methods. The three factors that have resulted in the success are better knowledge of the market, strong brand building strategy and uniqueness in the product. Similar strategy adopted by Apple and Dell would also work as consumers are always impressed by extr emely popularized and branded products. Both are retail stores that sell goods to the final consumers. Operation optimization is not possible in the case of Mom and Pop Stores. Goods are not purchased directly from the manufacturers in the case of Mom and Pop Stores. Staff motivation is very high in case of Wal-Mart but it is absolutely

The Crowd at Mansion Night Club Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

The Crowd at Mansion Night Club - Essay Example Most of the people outside the club are young people albeit above 18 years of age. Most of the young people are idling around and conversing in small tones in groups. Others stand near their parked cars in the crowded car park. Although the loud music from the club can be heard from the car park, some of the small groups standing on their cars have turned on loud music from their sporty and flashy cars. This causes a mixture of noise from the disco hall and music emanating from different cars in the car park. The evening sunset and cool temperature seem to complement the noisy music mixture. Heavily built guards heavily guard the entrance to the disco hall. The guards are armed with weapon detectors, which they use to inspect every person before entering the hall. The guards are so heavily built that they seem to occupy the whole entrance and it is not possible to simply push through the entrance. They also inspect the tickets before allowing people to get into the hall. The queue to the entrance is long and winds up at the far end. People on the queue have one thing in common. All people are wearing their best entertainment outfits most of which are brightly colored. Most of the women are dressed in the currently fashionable spaghetti tops and low-heeled shoes. Men, on the other hand, are dressed in straight jeans and sporty shoes. The disco arena is fully packed with people. Although most of the crowd is on the dancing arena, others have preferred relaxing on the well-arranged seats around the dancing area. The whole place is filled with disco lighting and the music is very loud. The crowd on the dancing arena sings along to their favorite tunes and they shout loudly whenever the emcee prompts them to do so. Most of the people in the crowd are dancing vigorously with the latest dancing style.

International Business Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Business Finance - Essay Example However, expanding overseas is a major decision for the firm and it involves many risks dependent upon the country in which the firm decides to enter. Thus care and diligence is required in planning and implementing overseas expansion, in order to obtain positive results and growth for the firm. Overseas Expansions Every firm needs growth to fulfil its going concern requirement. Growth for the firm may be within the country of operations i.e. source country or on an international level. The increase in competition and technological advancements compel the firms to enter into new markets within the country and overseas. â€Å"Firms may expect to increase their profits through overseas operations.† (Habbard and O’Brien 2006) Thus firms engage in overseas operations for better results and diversity. There are many methods for overseas expansion depending upon the requirement and feasibility of the organization wanting to expand overseas. The basic method for international expansion is exporting. This is a low cost and low risk way to enter into the global market by selling your products in overseas domestic markets. The exporters get rebates by the government in order to promote the export and increase the foreign exchange reserve for their country. Another approach for expansion is the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). â€Å"Foreign direct investment (FDI) is the process whereby residents of one country (source country) acquire ownership of assets for the purpose of controlling the production, distribution, and other activities of a firm in another country (host country)† (Moosa 2002) This method is more expensive as compared to the previous one and requires more investment in terms of cash, machinery, personnel etc. There are different ways for this method to work, i.e. wholly owned subsidiary which is completely owned by the parent company, joint ventures that are partnerships between two business and strategic alliances that are arrangement s between businesses. Whatever way the firm decides to expand abroad depends upon its priorities. Other method of overseas expansion may involve relocation of production. In this method the firms shifts its production facilities to a country that provides cheaper labour, less trade barriers etc. This shifting reduces the product costs thus making it more competitive in the market. Management contracts are also used by the firms to provide managerial expertise to other businesses. Firms also use licensing and franchising as methods of overseas expansion. Thus overseas expansion is a decision that requires proactive thinking and careful selection of methods and deployment of the appropriate resources in order for it to be successful. Risks Involved in Overseas Expansion The overseas expansion brings with it different types of risks. The firms must assess these risks wisely in order for the expansion to be beneficial. These risks can be categorised as pure risks and speculative risks. â€Å"Pure risks are associated with hazards such as health, safety, environment and security, whereas speculative risks are associated with business, finance, human resources, information technology strategy and politics.† (Adams 2006) The risks of overseas expansion depend upon the country in which the country is expanding. When a firm goes overseas it may encounter fraud, corruption, and other means of terrorism.

Evaluating the Research Process Essay Example for Free

Evaluating the Research Process Essay Remote communities face several challenges concerning health care. For instance, communication with health care professionals, transportation, availability of doctors, and shortage of doctors. Literature review to identify and review new methods of improving access to health, quality of care, and improving the effectiveness of delivering health care services in remote Alaskan villages. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases that index health research were used along with Artic health databases. Abstracts and full articles were reviewed and categorized into four sections. Organizational structure of health services, Telehealth, E-health, and medical transportation. â€Å"Despite the challenges facing rural and remote regions, there is a distinctly positive message from this broad literature review. Evidence-based initiatives exist across a range of areas which include operational efficiency and integration, access to care, organizational structure, public health, continuing education and workforce composition that have the potential to positively impact health care quality and health-related outcomes† (Masucci, Mitton, Dionne, 2011). The literature review did not identify any past research associated with new ideas to improve access, quality, and efficiency in the organizational structures and delivery of health care services in northern rural and remote and rural populations. This review was directed toward the redesign of health care systems in Nunavut territory in Canada. When conducting research in an academic or professional setting, it is important to display ethical responsibility throughout the research study. For instance, Researchers conducting the study and collecting data should obtain permission from individuals who are involved in the study in any way. Researchers must ensure subjects involved in the study are not in any physical or emotional harm, such as asking difficult questions or using insensitive words. One very important consideration for researchers to remember when conducting any form of data collection is to be sure to maintain their own personal biases and opinions so they do not get in the way of the research. Research such as questionaries’ or observations should be conducted under the assumption that findings are kept anonymous. It is important to let the research subject know whether the research results will be anonymous or not. Research subjects should be chosen based on what and who will be most beneficial to  the research. And last, when reporting results from the research study the results must be accurately represented from what he or she was told or what you observed. For example, do not discuss parts of observations without putting them in appropriate context. Research has found that telehealth and ehealth has been effective in providing information of health professions with educational opportunities to in these rural populations that would not have been provided without telehealth and ehealth. Therefore, telehelath and ehealth system have a significant impact on improving access and quality care. The research also identified the use of medical air transport when needed services are not available as well as transportation to and from rural and remote regions. The study affirmed the importance of medical air transport in rural and remote regions while indicating such concerns are not unusual. Second, there are no evidence-based guidelines indicating which services to provide in local regions as opposed to having access by medical air transport or procedures in selecting which patients to select for emergency are transported. Currently no framework exists to determine the over or underutilization of medical air transport. Researchers found that the regions with the largest potential impact in remote regions are public health where several programs have been implemented, and analyzed indicating high degree of success. For example, health promotion programs such as alcohol and smoking cessation, obesity, exercise, dental care, hygiene, and suicide prevention. The literature strongly indicates these programs have positive impacts. Therefore, the regions in the research study have opportunity to improve the delivery and organization structure of health care services. This particular research study was not a systematic review. According to Masucci, Mitton, and Dionne (2011) â€Å"The purpose of the article was not to find literature on a wide range of topics but rather to find exemplary articles that could speak to the topics at hand. However, the caution is that while we attempted to provide both sides of any given story, in some cases important papers may have been missed which could suggest important alternative courses of action.† (p. 470). The research team relied on an advisory board that gave advice on their work. Review of only found positive solutions in which history politics, structures, and behavior contribute to improvement the key factor is action ability. This information will be crucial to enhancing care in the targeted regions as well as other  remote and rural regions nationwide. The research study identifies several challenges that northern rural remote regions face. The literature review found several evidence based initiative from operational efficiency, integration, applying telehealth, applying ehealth, organizational structure, public health, continuing education, and workforce composition have potential to have a positive impact on health outcomes in rural and remote northern regions. The only area of research that indicated not to have a positive impact was medical air transport indicating further research is needed. The research study has provided an extensive survey from literate regarding innovations in the organizational structure and delivery of health serveries in northern rural and remote regions. This study did not find any conflicts of interest regarding the improvement of health care in these rural and remote regions. Specific ideas and strategies found to improving access, quality, and efficiency in the organization structure and delivery of health care services in rural and remote northern regions are palliative model, which performed most effective for patients on weekly case conferences, on-call nursing, patient held records, shared protocols, and procedures. Reference: Masucci, L., Mitton, C., Dionne, F. (2011). ) Innovations in health service organization and delivery in northern rural and remote regions: a review of the literature. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 70(5), 460-472.

Patrick Henry Essay -- essays research papers

Patrick Henry Patrick Henry was a great patriot. He never used his fists or guns to fight for his country, but he used a much more powerful weapon at which he held great skill: his words. Possibly the greatest orator of his time, his speeches such as "Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death" struck a cord in the American spirit of those who opposed oppression and tyranny. Henry was born on May 29th, 1736 in Studley, Virginia. His schooling was basic; elementary school, then trained in the classics by his father. His father, John Henry was an well-educated Scotsman who was a surveyor, colonel, and justice of the local county court. Still young, Patrick Henry first took up storekeeping in which he failed twice, and then farming which also proved unsuccessful. Despite his early struggles he then married Sara Shelton, and with the new responsibilities of marriage he took up the practice of law. He was naturally talented in the new job and soon found himself very successful. The first signs of his "oratorical genus" were shown in case in which he represented Virginia asking for a change of law that had been disallowed by King George III. After this case he was soon accepted as a member of the House of Burgesses. There he delivered another famous speech opposing the Stamp Act. After concluded this speech calls of "Treason! Treason!" rang though the hall, but Henry replied "If this be treason, make the most of it." Thus began the li...

Canadian Waste in Michigan Essay -- Argumentative Environment Trash Es

Canadian Waste in Michigan In 1986, a waste treaty between Canada and the U.S. was signed by American lawmakers concerning the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste.   Under the terms of this treaty, the EPA is to receive notification of these shipments, and then would have 30 days to consent or object to the shipment. Since 1986 Canada has shipped its garbage to Michigan to be dumped into landfills and the provisions of this treaty have never been enforced.   But now is the time for them to be enforced and stop the importing of Canada's garbage. As of January 1, 2003, the Canadian city of Toronto, Ontario started to ship one hundred percent of its garbage into the landfills of Michigan.   In 2003, Toronto exported garbage at a rate of 7.2 tons per minute.   Garbage trucks from Toronto run seven days a week twenty-four hours a day, so at the rate of 7.2 tons per minute it works out to be that Michigan imports 10,368 tons of Toronto's garbage per day.   But it wasn't always like this, Governor John Engler and his administration turned garbage into a growth industry.   The state lowered the liability standards for landfill owners and also provided tax-free financing for new facilities.   The result of these changes lead to too many landfills and not enough garbage to fill them.   So the landfill owners lowered their prices and searched even harder for garbage. Today, Michigan's private landfills charge ten to fifteen dollars per ton to dump while other landfill owners in neighboring states charge twenty five to fift y dollars per ton.   Toronto did the math and realized that it is cheaper to haul its garbage 300 miles and dump it in Michigan then it is to dump it close to home. And on top of that, Michigan has eliminated funds fo... ...g prematurely destroyed by trucks hauling garbage that is not ours.   It is our water and air that is being polluted by the hundreds of Canada's garbage trucks and millions of tons of Canada's garbage.   We will soon no longer need Canada to dispose of hazardous waste due to the proposition of using the Yucca Mountains in Nevada as a dump site.   And as for saying that Canada's garbage is cleaner than ours, who cares it is still garbage.   The U.S. needs now more than ever to enforce the treaty that was signed in 1986. Since January 1, 2001, there has been a 40% increase in the amount of garbage that is being imported from Toronto.   Michigan should not be the dumpsite for another countries garbage.   Michigan's air and water are being polluted by garbage that is not ours. American lawmakers need to stop the two-way street that is destroying the Great Lakes state.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canadian Waste in Michigan Essay -- Argumentative Environment Trash Es Canadian Waste in Michigan In 1986, a waste treaty between Canada and the U.S. was signed by American lawmakers concerning the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste.   Under the terms of this treaty, the EPA is to receive notification of these shipments, and then would have 30 days to consent or object to the shipment. Since 1986 Canada has shipped its garbage to Michigan to be dumped into landfills and the provisions of this treaty have never been enforced.   But now is the time for them to be enforced and stop the importing of Canada's garbage. As of January 1, 2003, the Canadian city of Toronto, Ontario started to ship one hundred percent of its garbage into the landfills of Michigan.   In 2003, Toronto exported garbage at a rate of 7.2 tons per minute.   Garbage trucks from Toronto run seven days a week twenty-four hours a day, so at the rate of 7.2 tons per minute it works out to be that Michigan imports 10,368 tons of Toronto's garbage per day.   But it wasn't always like this, Governor John Engler and his administration turned garbage into a growth industry.   The state lowered the liability standards for landfill owners and also provided tax-free financing for new facilities.   The result of these changes lead to too many landfills and not enough garbage to fill them.   So the landfill owners lowered their prices and searched even harder for garbage. Today, Michigan's private landfills charge ten to fifteen dollars per ton to dump while other landfill owners in neighboring states charge twenty five to fift y dollars per ton.   Toronto did the math and realized that it is cheaper to haul its garbage 300 miles and dump it in Michigan then it is to dump it close to home. And on top of that, Michigan has eliminated funds fo... ...g prematurely destroyed by trucks hauling garbage that is not ours.   It is our water and air that is being polluted by the hundreds of Canada's garbage trucks and millions of tons of Canada's garbage.   We will soon no longer need Canada to dispose of hazardous waste due to the proposition of using the Yucca Mountains in Nevada as a dump site.   And as for saying that Canada's garbage is cleaner than ours, who cares it is still garbage.   The U.S. needs now more than ever to enforce the treaty that was signed in 1986. Since January 1, 2001, there has been a 40% increase in the amount of garbage that is being imported from Toronto.   Michigan should not be the dumpsite for another countries garbage.   Michigan's air and water are being polluted by garbage that is not ours. American lawmakers need to stop the two-way street that is destroying the Great Lakes state.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚